How your vote could affect climate policy in Colorado

Climate change, the environment and natural resources were among the top five concerns identified by more than 7,000 Coloradans who have responded to the Voter Voices survey.

“I'd like to hear the candidates’ views on how fracking is driving climate change, and what they would do to further a just transition from fossil fuels to clean, renewable energy sources,” wrote Erie resident Elisabeth Fisher.

Self-described liberal and moderate respondents were far more likely to say climate and the environment were a top issue than conservatives — a trend that’s consistent with the results of the Colorado Health Foundation’s 2024 Pulse poll, which found that while 80% of Democrats believe climate change is an “extremely” or “very” serious problem, fewer than 1 in 10 Republicans say the same.

Thousands of scientists who contribute to periodic reports published by the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wrote in 2021 that the science of human-caused global warming is “unequivocal”: Greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human activity, mostly through the combustion of fossil fuels, are responsible for virtually all of the warming observed since the mid-18th century. Average global temperatures have risen by about 1.2 degrees Celsius since then.

What may sound like a small increase has already had profound impacts on the Earth’s climate. The extreme rainfall in the southeastern U.S. during Hurricane Helene, which caused an estimated 232 deaths and nearly $40 billion in damage, was made “up to 20 times more likely” by current levels of global warming, climatologists with the Berkeley National Laboratory estimated. Over the last two decades, higher temperatures in the Colorado River Basin have been the main driver of a “megadrought” that hydrologists have found is worse than any dry spell the region has experienced in at least 1,200 years.

In a special report released six years ago this month, IPCC scientists made a last-ditch appeal to governments around the world, urging policymakers to take steps to limit average global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius and avert the catastrophic risks of further warming. The IPCC warned that doing so would require “rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.”

That hasn’t happened.

Instead, Colorado, the federal government and many foreign countries have taken steps towards a gradual transition from fossil fuels to clean energy over the next several decades. They’ve made important, incremental progress in lowering projected future emissions, making the worst-case scenarios for the climate by the end of the 21st century less likely. But efforts to date have fallen well short of science-based goals, and we’re still on track to roughly double the planet’s current level of warming.

For voters like Fisher, who also listed good government and the economy among her top three concerns this year, the stakes for the planet can’t be overlooked.

“I believe my three choices are inextricably linked,” she wrote. “Without a healthy climate, we cannot have a healthy economy and good governance would recognize the need for change.”

If climate change, the environment and natural resources are top concerns for you, here is where your vote has the most impact. 

President Joe Biden’s signature climate policy, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, included about $370 billion in new federal funding and tax incentives for clean energy technologies like wind and solar generation, electric vehicles, more efficient home appliances and much more.

The Biden administration has paired the IRA’s incentives with major new Environmental Protection Agency rules aimed at limiting emissions from cars, power plants and oil and gas infrastructure. Altogether, these efforts add up to what is by far the most ambitious set of climate-action policies in U.S. history — but a recent analysis estimated they will only achieve about half of the emissions reductions recommended by scientists over the next decade.

Vice President Kamala Harris credits the IRA’s tax incentives with helping to create 800,000 new manufacturing jobs during Biden’s term, and promises to “build on (the administration’s) historic work” in confronting the climate crisis. At the same time, Harris has backed off her previous support for a ban on fracking, and instead boasts on the campaign trail that under Biden, domestic oil and gas production has reached its highest levels ever.

Former President Donald Trump has long called climate change a “hoax,” and during his first term he oversaw a sweeping rollback of Obama-era emissions regulations. The Washington Post reported in May that Trump asked a group of the country’s top oil executives to contribute $1 billion to his campaign during a meeting at his Mar-a-Lago Club, pledging once again to reverse dozens of climate and environmental rules enacted by Biden’s EPA and other federal agencies.

Voters in the 3rd District — where Democrat Adam Frisch hopes to pull off an upset victory over Republican Jeff Hurd for the seat being vacated by U.S. Rep. Lauren Boebert — are more directly impacted by climate change than in any other district in the state, and perhaps the country. The Colorado River megadrought has led to major stress on the water supplies relied on by Western Slope towns and agricultural producers, higher risks of catastrophic wildfires and growing threats to the region’s natural landscapes and outdoor recreation industries.

But the 3rd District also illustrates the political challenges of the energy transition. While Pueblo, its largest city, is home to a fast-growing clean energy sector, communities in Garfield County and other parts of the Western Slope face a more uncertain future amid sagging demand for the coal and natural gas resources they’ve prospered from in the past. Both Frisch and Hurd say they support “all-of-the-above” energy policies and have had harsh words for Biden’s efforts to respond to the climate crisis.

Meanwhile, Democratic U.S. Rep. Yadira Caraveo faces a challenge from Republican state Rep. Gabe Evans in Colorado’s battleground 8th District, another region on the front lines of climate and energy policy. Residents of Denver’s northern suburbs and southern Weld County have benefited from jobs, growth and tax revenues spurred by the northern Front Range’s booming oil and gas sector, but they’ve also borne the costs of harmful air pollution from fracking pads and industrial polluters like the Suncor refinery.

Caraveo has often cited her work as a pediatrician, witnessing firsthand the negative health impacts of air pollution on hundreds of young patients, as her motivation to run for office, and while serving in the state Legislature she co-sponsored a landmark 2019 bill to strengthen health and safety rules in the oil and gas industry. Evans, a first-term state lawmaker and former police officer, has repeatedly voted against Democratic-backed clean energy legislation, and his campaign website blames “climate alarmism” and “draconian Leftist climate regulations” for increases in the cost of living.

With the battle for control of the U.S. House of Representatives expected to come down to just a handful of congressional races across the country, voters in the 3rd and 8th districts could play a pivotal role in determining whether the IRA and other Biden-era climate policies are preserved and expanded, or weakened and repealed.

With few exceptions, Republicans in the Colorado General Assembly have continued in recent years to bluntly deny the scientific consensus on human-caused climate change. Democrats, who won total control of state government in 2019 and have expanded their legislative majorities since then, broadly recognize the need to sharply reduce emissions, but haven’t always agreed on how to get there.

The emissions-cutting strategies pursued by Gov. Jared Polis’ administration have largely mirrored the Biden administration’s approach, pairing incentives for clean energy with modest regulations on polluters. Polis has publicly — and successfully — opposed efforts by Democratic lawmakers to impose more aggressive measures like a cap-and-trade scheme or legally-binding emissions limits, and his administration has shown no appetite for fighting climate change by curbing oil and gas extraction, which remains at near-record highs.

The results of this approach, too, have been broadly similar to results at the federal level: Despite meaningful progress, Colorado appears virtually certain to fall short next year of the very first science-based emissions target set by its 2019 climate-action law, which called for a 26% statewide cut by 2025. Without major improvements, the state’s next statutory goal, a 50% cut by 2030, could also be in jeopardy.

Colorado’s biggest climate victories over the last five years have come in the electricity sector, where state officials — with a big helping hand from the falling costs of wind and solar generation — have been able to coax and prod utilities into a series of agreements that will see all of the state’s remaining coal-fired power plants close by 2031.

But progress has been far slower in other sectors, especially transportation. Though EV sales are poised for continued growth, millions of gas-guzzling cars and trucks are likely to remain on Colorado’s roads for years to come. Under Polis, the state has opted against policies pursued in other states, like California’s ban on new gas-powered car sales by 2035 or a mandate on large employers to encourage multimodal commuting, and there are few signs that Coloradans are on the verge of voluntarily ditching their cars for the bus or an e-bike any time soon — at least not on a scale large enough to make a difference.

Faced with these challenges, Polis and top officials in his administration have opened up a new front in the state’s battle to reduce emissions from transportation and other sectors. Adopting the mantra that “housing policy is climate policy,” they want Colorado municipalities to “upzone” more of their neighborhoods for higher-density housing developments that create less dependency on car travel.

State legislators have approved parts of that agenda in piecemeal fashion, with new laws requiring more density in transit corridors, legalizing the construction of accessory dwelling units in most circumstances and prohibiting local minimum parking requirements that advocates say hinder the construction of multifamily housing. At the same time, they’ve enacted a new fee on oil and gas production to fund expanded public transit services and are moving forward with projects like Front Range Passenger Rail.

But even in a Legislature where Democrats hold large majorities, the most ambitious land-use proposals backed by Polis and his allies have hit a stone wall of opposition from lobbying groups representing local governments and a bloc of Democratic lawmakers from Front Range suburbs and affluent mountain towns. In some cases, opponents stripped reform legislation of enforcement mechanisms, and experts say the implementation of these new laws will need to be watched closely. As climate-action advocates continue to pursue a vision for cleaner air, expanded transit and more walkable and bikeable neighborhoods in communities across the state, every vote at the Capitol will count.

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